some useful formula for normal integration

The normal distribution function Φ[x], the quantile function [Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1554.gif],  and the normal density function φ[x].

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1555.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1556.gif]

First, we will calculate the following intxfp[a,b]

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1557.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1558.gif]

Mathematica does not calculate intxfp, so we consider change of variables. First rewrite intxfp as follows.

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1559.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1560.gif]

Then, {x1,x2} is transformed to {y1,y2}.

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1561.gif]

The range of the integration is now expressed as

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1562.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1563.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1564.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1565.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1566.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1567.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1568.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1569.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1570.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1571.gif]

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1572.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1573.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1574.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1575.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1576.gif]

Finally we consider some asymptotic expansions.

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1577.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1578.gif]

Thus, F[x+oy] = F[x] + f[x] ([Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1579.gif])=F[x] + f[x] * expandF[x+oy,x], where x=Coefficient[x+oy,o,0].

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1580.gif]

Next, note that

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1581.gif]
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1582.gif]

Thus,  Q[F[x]+f[x] o y] = [Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1583.gif]=expandQ[x,y].

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1584.gif]

Combining these asymptotic expansions, we obtain the following integration. Let func[z]=(az+b) + rem[z], where rem[z]=[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1585.gif]is of order [Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1586.gif] We would like to calculate intfz=Q[[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1587.gif].

The integrand F[func[z]]f[z] is  expandF[func[z],az+b]f[z] =  [Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1588.gif] . We denote [Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1589.gif]. The coefficients d's are obtained from a,b, and c's.

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1590.gif]

Now the integration is intfz=Q[[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1591.gif]. Since [Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1592.gif], and [Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1593.gif], we obtain
[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1594.gif]. Using expandQ, this becomes intfz=[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1595.gif].

[Graphics:../Images/index_gr_1596.gif]

Now, the integration function may be written as intfz=dd2int[a,b,func2dd[a,b,rem,z],z];


Converted by Mathematica      July 21, 2003